JUMP TO: Surface Treatment | Shoulder Cutting | Side Dozing | Pipe Replacement & Cleaning | Mechanized Patching | Manual Patching | Joint & Crack Sealing | Pre-Winter Operations | Winter Anti-Icing | During a Winter Storm | Vegetation Management | Line Painting | Bridge Maintenance & Cleaning | Signing
Surface Treatment (Click to open printable PDF)
Commonly known as “oil and chip” or “sealcoat,” this operation is a preservation strategy used to maintain mainly low-traffic-volume roads for a 5 to 7-year period. It is also used on high-volume roads to extend pavement life between resurfacings.
This activity is performed when temps are greater than 60 degrees, generally from April through September. Surface treatment requires a sweeper, oil distributors, a stone chipper, rollers, dump trucks and a crew comprise of approximately 21 crew members.
The operation begins with the roadway being swept clean of debris. Then, emulsion oil is applied with a layer of stone immediately placed on top. It is rolled into place and any loose aggregate is swept from the roadway once cured.
Generally, it takes about two days for the stones to fully bond in the hardened asphalt. Motorists should reduce their speed on these roads until the stone and the asphalt fully adhere.
This maintenance treatment seals the road surface to keep water out, restores the friction of the surface to enhance traction and is very cost effective.
Shoulder Maintenance (Click to open printable PDF)
Shoulder cutting removes excess material and debris from unpaved shoulder areas. Shoulder grading involves the shaping and stabilizing of those same areas. Both operations improve drainage, allow water to leave the roadway, and eliminate shoulder drop-offs.
Shoulder cutting and grading requires equipment such as graders, trucks, brooms, belt loaders or wheel loaders, and rollers and typically 12 crew members. The grader cuts excess material from the shoulder and places it in a pile to be picked up by a belt loader. It is deposited into a truck and hauled away to an approved fill site. Any shoulder drop-offs are corrected by adding material. Any remaining material on the roadway is swept clean and the roller compacts the disturbed soil to prevent erosion.
These are important highway maintenance operations. When drainage systems do not function properly, water collects on the roadway, creating potential icing conditions in the winter and weakening pavement, causing potholes.
Side Dozing (Click to open printable PDF)
Side dozing removes excess material from beneath guiderail areas. This improves drainage and allows water to sheet flow off the roadway.
Side dozing is typically performed with around six crew members. This process requires equipment such as a skid steer, mini-excavator or loader equipped with a special attachment designed to fit between the guiderail posts.
Equipment pushes excess material from between the guiderail posts. The material is graded to match the slope of the shoulder and allow water to sheet flow over the embankment. Workers may need to use hand tools to properly grade the slope behind the guiderail when the equipment cannot reach to the top of the embankment.
This is an important highway maintenance operation. When drainage systems do not function properly, water cannot leave the roadway, creating potential icing conditions in the winter and weakening areas designed to support the pavement, causing pavement distresses and washouts.
Pipe Replacing & Cleaning (Click to open printable PDF)
To maintain the effective flow of water around the state’s roadways, pipe replacement and pipe cleaning are essential. Controlling water flow is one of the most important aspects of maintaining pavements. Uncontrolled water flow will damage both the pavement surface as well as the area under the pavement, causing deterioration.
Pipe replacement is a year-round activity and installed prior to a resurfacing project and typically completed with a crew of eight using a backhoe, dump trucks and compactors. Because of its durability and ease of handling, most pipe replacements are plastic, however concrete and metal pipe may also be used.
Pipe replacement operations consist of cutting the pavement, excavating a trench, installing the pipe, filling the trench, compacting the fill material, and then restoring the pavement surface.
Pipe cleaning is necessary to ensure that stormwater consistently flows thru the pipes unobstructed. This activity can be completed mostly year-round. Most pipes are cleaned with a high-pressure sewer cleaner to remove debris build-up, which may occur at the inlet and outlet ends and throughout the length of the pipe.
To ensure that water reaches the pipe, additional activities are needed such as ditch cleaning and shoulder cutting. Clearing tail ditches at the outlet end ensures the water flows away from the pipe. Where applicable, inlets may need to be cleaned.
Mechanized Patching (Click to open printable PDF)
Mechanized patching is used to patch limited roadway areas that have extensive potholes, large areas of cracked pavement and depressions. It also improves the smoothness of the road surface.
This maintenance activity is usually completed during the summer months and as weather conditions permit. The typical crew consists of around 13 crew members, a paver, dump trucks, a roller, and tack-coat applicator.
Mechanized patching involves a sequence of steps: marking the area that needs patched, milling paving notches, cleaning the surface and tacking all edges with bituminous oil which acts as a glue, placing asphalt patching material with a paver and then compacting the material with the roller.
If mechanized patching was not performed, the damaged road surface would further deteriorate, resulting in PennDOT needing to completely rebuild the road or perform more costly corrective measures.
Manual Patching (Click to open printable PDF)
Most permanent pothole patching is completed in the spring/summer when temperatures stay consistently above freezing. Weather permitting, crews patch potholes during the winter using cold patch material. The typical crew consist of around eight crew members, dump trucks, a skid steer, a roller, and a tack-coat applicator.
Cold patch is considered a temporary patching material for repairs. It is asphalt mixed with soap, water or other types of oils to remain flexible so crews can work with it. The material is simply placed into the pothole with a shovel, then leveled and compacted. Although designed to be a temporary repair, cold patch jobs can last two or more years.
Warm mix asphalt is considered a permanent patching material and is a mixture of pure asphalt and stone heated to several hundred degrees. The pothole is cut square, cleaned and then treated with a tack coat of asphalt that acts as a glue. After the tack coat application cures, the warm mix is placed into the pothole and compacted using a roller. If potholes were not repaired, the road surface would break up further and require more expensive corrective measures.
Crack Seal & Hot Pour Mastic (Click to open printable PDF)
Crack sealing and hot pour mastic operations prevent water intrusion from seeping through cracks or joints in an asphalt road, which can lead to potholes and pavement break up. These operations are typically performed during spring and fall but can be done during winter months when temps are above freezing, when cracks are more pronounced.
Both operations require about eight crew members, a dump truck, an air compressor, a heating kettle for the sealant and a device to apply the sealant into the cracks. These maintenance activities involve removing debris from the crack or joint to be sealed and then applying a liquid asphalt material into the cracks. The material is then wiped flush with pavement surface and allowed to dry before allowing traffic on the roadway.
Crack sealing is performed on small cracks while hot pour mastic is a similar application, however it contains aggregate and is used for larger repairs (cracks greater than 1” in width). Both are proactive preventive maintenance strategies to prevent water from entering the roadways leading to potholes and other failures.
Pre-Winter Operations (Click to open printable PDF)
Winter preparedness is a year-round activity in which PennDOT expends a lot of time and resources in order to provide safe and passable roads when winter precipitation is falling.
Activities such as repairing equipment during the summer months to ensure it is ready; facilities being updated to store winter materials safely and environmentally friendly; ordering various supplies and winter de-icing materials so they are on hand when needed and devoting time to train our workforce on proper snow removal techniques are all keys to successful planning.
We also take time to meet with key stakeholders to plan and coordinate prior to winter. Other state DOT’s, local municipalities, EMA/911 centers, state and local police, fire and EMS companies, along with school busing all play an important part in winter operations.
PennDOT builds snow maps for each truck in our fleet to ensure all roads are covered. Contingency plans are developed on how to shift resources to higher-volume roads or other areas based on intensity of winter storms. Our staff also conducts dry runs, essentially driving each snow route in good weather to identify hazards or safety concerns that need addressed prior to winter, while also noting turn around areas and other important features.
To learn more about our winter preparations, or to make sure that both you and your vehicle are ready for ice and snow, visit the Winter section of our website.
Winter Anti-Icing (Click to open printable PDF)
Commonly known as pre-treating or antiicing, department crews may use liquid salt brine before frozen precipitation starts to fall. Anti-icing is a proactive snow and ice control strategy. A small amount of salt brine (salt-water) liquid is applied to pavements and bridge decks before a storm to prevent snow and ice from bonding with the surface.
This is a tool commonly used on pavements where the practice is to provide a high level of service. However, we may use anti-icing on lower priority routes that have reduced traffic volumes allowing primary focus on priority routes. It has proven very effective at preventing bridge deck and pavement frost.
However, salt brine is not a silver bullet and it isn't appropriate for every storm. Crews generally will not anti-ice with salt brine when a storm is forecast to start as rain (rain will wash the material away) or when enough salt residue from a previous storm remains.
There are several benefits of anti-icing, but a few of the key ones are: better surface conditions, less chemicals required to prevent ice bonding during a storm and easier storm clean-up.
During a Winter Storm (Click to open printable PDF)
Winter operations include the removal of snow and ice, as well as applying deicing materials on all state highways and bridges. The heart of winter operations involves a skilled operator and a dump truck equipped with a salt spreader, snow plow, and often, a wing plow. PennDOT also schedules mechanics at each garage site to take care of any equipment failures or breakdowns.
Each storm is different and varies, even from region to region. PennDOT staff review weather reports and on the ground conditions to plan how to manage each storm.
To prevent ice from building up on the road surface, PennDOT trucks spread a mixture of salt to melt the ice and anti-skid to provide traction. On higher volume roadways, salt is the primary winter material used through a storm. On lower volume roadways the amount of salt will be reduced and anti-skid will be used more as salt is most effective with higher traffic. PennDOT also applies salt-brine to salt and anti-skid to reduce waste of solid materials and help the materials begin to work quicker melting ice and snow.
During a storm, PennDOT will plow and salt major highways first before moving to the less-traveled rural roads. During severe winter storms, equipment is often redirected from assigned rural routes to assist with plowing heavily traveled roads first. While snow is falling, roads will NOT be free of ice and snow.
Vegetation Management (Click to open printable PDF)
The objective of this program is to maintain a safe travel way that is free from obstructing vegetation. Unobstructed roadsides provide increased visibility of: signs and traffic control devices, motorists, bicyclists, pedestrians and animals approaching the roadway (especially challenging at severe horizontal and vertical curves). Additionally, well maintained roadsides can improve drainage function and prolong the life of the entire roadway.
Mowing, herbicide spraying and selected tree thinning are the processes that make-up the management program. PennDOT mows approximately 112,000 acres annually from May through October. Mowing frequency is determined by their traffic volume and posted speed limit as well as growth height.
Line Painting (Click to open printable PDF)
Each year, PennDOT line painting crews apply more than 1.6 million gallons of yellow and white waterborne traffic line paint to highways to help guide motorists.
This amount of paint is enough to fill approximately 470 four-foot deep, 12-foot diameter, above ground swimming pools. PennDOT starts painting the traffic lines in late spring. By the time this operation is completed in October, PennDOT crews will have painted more than 114,000 miles of lines, enough to circle the globe nearly five times.
PennDOT paints primarily road and highway dividing lines, but also paints railroad crossing markings, arrow directional markings and legends such as STOP markings.
The weather must be warm and dry for painting because rain, high humidity or temperatures below 50 degrees Fahrenheit will increase the normal drying time of between 90 and 120 seconds.
The PennDOT line painting crews’ equipment heats the paint to about 110 degrees Fahrenheit and then sprays the material on the road. Beads made of recycled glass are simultaneously applied to the wet paint. The pavement markings are visible at night to motorists because these glass beads are retroreflective.
PennDOT uses approximately 11 million pounds of glass beads for line painting each year.
Bridge Maintenance & Cleaning (Click to open printable PDF)
Pennsylvania has some of the oldest bridges in the country, with their average age over 50 years. Preventive maintenance is extremely important in extending the life of structures.
PennDOT inspects most state bridges at least once every two years. Based on inspection results or structural needs, PennDOT crews do bridge replacements or structural repairs to steel or concrete components. Some PennDOT districts cast and build their own beams in the winter so they can use them for bridge projects in the summer.
PennDOT performs bridge deck patching and structural repairs. The repair of the surface of the bridge superstructure are typically potholes that form on the deck surface. Structural repairs take place on the bridge substructure (abutments, piers, etc.) on deficiencies that are noted in the bridge inspection reports.
Bridge cleaning is an important element of the state’s Bridge Preventive Maintenance Program. The deck and substructure must be kept clean, with the drainage systems free of debris. Every spring, all chloride residue from winter salt applications is removed. This may be done by any combination of sweeping, flushing and debris removal depending on the type of bridge deck surface and if drainage systems are present. PennDOT cleans over 16,000 bridges annually.
Signing (Click to open printable PDF)
The most important way in which roadway safety and other information is relayed to our customers is through roadway signs.
Most PennDOT counties have a small crew responsible for repairs and sign installations along state roads. PennDOT is responsible for reviewing installed signs and determining if, because of age, vandalism, damage or other reasons, a sign needs to be replaced. Work is identified, signs are ordered and produced at the state’s sign shop and once completed, signs are scheduled for installation.
There are over 1 million state-owned signs in Pennsylvania. PennDOT’s Sign Shop produces around 80,000 signs each year. Signs are made using aluminum sign blanks which are covered with high intensity retro-reflective sheeting. After the sheeting is applied, either silk-screened or cut-out characters are applied for the sign’s message.
The vast majority — 90 percent — of sign orders are filled within 14 days of receiving the order.