Turkey Hunting

Mary Jo Casalena, PGC Gamebird Section, Bureau of Wildlife Mgmt., May 2019

Pennsylvania’s 2018-2027 Wild Turkey Management Plan specifies a statewide month-long spring gobbler season opening the Saturday closest to May 1, plus a ½-day statewide youth-only hunt the Saturday prior to the regular season opener (Table 1). Spring season structure (opening date placement and overall length) was addressed in the Wild Turkey Management Plan because it has the potential to significantly impact wild turkey populations via hen mortality / disturbance, and gobbler harvest rates.

If turkey populations are down, why can we purchase a second spring tag?  With declining turkey populations in many Wildlife Management Units, it might seem logical to eliminate the second spring gobbler tag to reduce harvest. However, the spring season does not impact the overall turkey population, because the males we harvest are taken after peak breeding and when more than half of the hens have begun incubating eggs. The most important aspect of the spring turkey season is when it opens. We have a carefully-timed season that intentionally finds middle ground between peak gobbling and a safe nesting period.
     On average, more mature birds are taken than jakes (even with the second tag), and those older gobblers have a lower natural survival of living until next spring. Taking hunting out of the equation, the nature of mature birds in spring (gobbling and displaying) makes them more susceptible to natural predation. Harvesting 3-year old gobblers during the spring is compensatory mortality, since most would die from predation if they are not harvested. However, jakes (first-year males) have a high probability of natural survival to the next year. And, Pennsylvania hunters overwhelmingly pass on jakes, further enhancing their survival to fill the place of excess toms removed after breeding each year with minimal impact to the population. While a greater number of turkeys are harvested each spring than fall, the fall harvest is what really matters.
     The fall harvest is additive mortality, since most of those birds would otherwise survive into the spring, and on average about 60 percent are hens. Therefore, harvest management to improve turkey numbers is with more conservative fall seasons.

How Calendar Shifts Affect Spring Gobbler Seasons: The regular spring gobbler season is set in accordance with the Pennsylvania Wild Turkey Management Plan (2018-2027): 1) The season opens the Saturday closest to May 1 to coincide with the median peak of turkey nest incubation initiation to minimize hen turkey nest disturbance, and accidental hen mortality, 2) The season includes 5 Saturdays to maximize hunting opportunity while guarding against overharvesting adult gobblers, and 3) The season closes May 31 (if May 31 is a Sunday, the season closes May 30). To meet these guidelines, opening date and season length change annually according to calendar shifts – sometimes by several days. If in doubt, simply calculate which Saturday on either side of May 1 will provide 5 Saturdays of hunting by May 31. F

Hen Mortality and Disturbance: A common request from spring turkey hunters is to open the season earlier to hunt during the first peak of gobbling and/or prior to spring “green-up”. These may vary from one part of Pennsylvania to another. A more important determinant of proper season timing is the date of the average peak of nest incubation (as with most game birds, turkeys lay individual eggs over a period of about 2 weeks, but do not begin incubating until the full clutch is laid, which results in synchronous hatching and all young being ready to leave the nest soon after hatching). Why is this date important? During egg-laying, hens are more active, move more extensively, and are more sensitive to disturbance than during incubation period. Consequently, they are much more susceptible to illegal harvest and nest abandonment, both of which have direct negative effects on reproduction (and thus, future populations). Though spring hen disturbance and mortality can never be completely eliminated with >200,000 hunters afield, initiating this level of hunting activity prior to the peak of incubation greatly increases the risk.

A variety of factors influence the start of breeding and egg-laying for turkeys, but photoperiod (day length) is the main trigger. Other factors that influence hormonal changes are weather, precipitation, food abundance, breeding density, and body condition, but increasing photoperiod is the primary cue for gonadal maturation and release of hormones during spring. Of 254 hen turkeys with satellite transmitters monitored from 2010-2014, median incubation initiation date was May 2. This was 2 days earlier than the median date during a 1953-1963 Pennsylvania study. However, during both studies, incubation initiation varied greatly among years and individual hens. From 2010-2014, the maximum proportion of hens beginning incubation typically varied by several days (2010 and 2012) to >1 week (2011, 2013 and 2014). During 4 of those 5 years the spring season opened 3 to 8 days prior to median date of incubation initiation. Due to the spring season structure of opening on the Saturday closest to May 1 and annual variation in incubation initiation, opening the season near the long-term median date of incubation initiation exposes few additional hens to risk, and hunter satisfaction is likely maintained at greater levels than would be seen with a more conservative approach of opening the season later.

Gobbler Harvest Rates: Another benefit of opening spring turkey season in conjunction with the average peak of incubation is, with most breeding complete, a relatively high proportion of males can be removed from the population without impacting reproductive output (hens can lay 2 complete clutches of fertile eggs after only 1 successful breeding). Maintaining adult gobbler harvest rates of < 50% is an important social issue to maintain enough adult gobblers for hunter satisfaction of hearing, calling, and harvesting adult gobblers. Adult gobbler harvest rates in Pennsylvania averaged about 40% during a 2006-09 study.

Pennsylvania Spring Seasons Compared to Surrounding States: Several surrounding states open their spring seasons 1-2 weeks earlier than Pennsylvania, but it is important to note that our hunter numbers, gobbler harvest rates, and total spring harvests – and thus the potential negative effects of opening too early - are far higher. New York comes the closest to matching our hunter numbers and harvests; there, the spring gobbler season is a fixed May 1-31 timeframe (31 days of hunting annually). Although the absence of Sunday hunting in Pennsylvania results in 1-6 fewer days to hunt than New York overall each year, our opening date under the WTMP guidelines averages out to be the same – a few days earlier in some years, a few days later in others. (Because a constant May 1-31 structure would only provide 4 Saturdays some years, varying the opening date around May 1 maintains 5 Saturdays in the season). Pennsylvania’s fall harvests (and thus the level of additive hen mortality we must account for) are also much higher than surrounding states, which increases the importance of setting our spring season appropriately.

Conclusion: Pennsylvania’s wild turkey resource provides countless benefits to consumptive and non-consumptive users alike. Ensuring the long-term sustainability of these benefits requires careful consideration of the biological needs of wild turkey populations.

For additional information refer to the Pennsylvania Wild Turkey Management Plan, 2018-2027.

Table 1. Example of Pennsylvania spring gobbler seasons, 1994-2020.

Figure 1. Proportion of satellite-transmittered eastern wild turkey hens incubating eggs by day in Pennsylvania, 2010-2014. Shaded area represents duration of spring turkey hunting season (not including youth season), from earliest season opening date of the 5 years represented, 27 April, to latest closing date of 31 May.

Fall seasons differ according to the wild turkey population density in each Wildlife Management Unit, varying from closed to 3 weeks + a 3-day Thanksgiving holiday season. Each hunting license comes with one fall turkey tag (and one spring tag), so we regulate fall harvest by season length. Even though the majority of the harvest occurs during the first week of the season, our harvest data show that fifteen to eighteen percent of the harvest can occur the last Monday-Friday of the season, so the longer the fall season length the higher the harvest.

During the fall season any turkey can be harvested because jakes, young males, are difficult to distinguish from females this time of year. Still, our research shows females (both juvenile and adult) comprise a larger portion of the fall harvest than males. Our management and research have shown that we shouldn't overharvest females, so we set the fall season length conservatively.

• The National Wild Turkey Federation:  A video series to help you get started turkey hunting.
• 50 Years Full Film: During May 2018 (Pennsylvania’s 50th Spring Gobbler hunting season), Lebanon County native Emily Kantner on her quest to tag a turkey. Join her through the challenges and thrills of the hunt.,
• MeatEater: History of the American Wild Turkey with Steven Rinella
• Hunters Connect: Patterning your Shotgun for Turkey Season
• Cabela’s: Shot Placement for Turkeys
• Realtree: Bowhunting Shot Placement for Turkeys
• Bowtech Archery: How to Set Up Your Turkey Decoys and Blinds
• Hunters Connect: How to Read Turkey Sign
• Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources: Turkey Hunting - Camo and Movement
  
• Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation - Wild Turkey Sounds
  
• Primos Hunting: Using Shadows to Hide when Turkey Hunting
• Bone Collector: How to Clean a Turkey the EASY WAY!
• MeatEater: How to Pluck and Clean a Turkey with Steven Rinella